Induction and Deduction are just directional values on the manifold of knowledge relationally connecting the Specific to the General in Time-Space:
All arguments have two parts. The initial stated part is commonly called a premise. The premise sets the stage for the argument to begin in support of the conclusionary statement. The Conclusion is often a hopeful solution to a problem that will require additional testing. This methodology gave birth to the modern Scientific Methodologies used to discover much of what we know today. From the problem statement to the initial premise then to the conclusion presenting a solution for the problem statement, each writer must be able to use two forms of reasoning:
- Inductive Reasoning
- Deductive Reasoning
What are the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning? The beginning of any journey is the plan for the first step. DR- Deductive Reasoning… IR- Inductive Reasoning are symbiotic twins conjoined within our cognitive process used to discern truths as we seek solution space for our discovered problem set in time-space. Reasoning that flows from the general to the specific is DR. Reversing that process direction involves processing from the specific to a general solution or theory yields IR. So, we answer the question with a statement concerning reasoning process which yields a solution from cognitive space such that specific knowledge exists at one end of the manifold and the general knowledge at the other end:
Knowledge is both Specific and General in nature. Solution Space is potentially populated majoratively either by S or G. When a conclusion exists in S & G space then one may conclude solution is not normal, rational or is in some fact flawed.
- Specific<= |entry A|>> reasoning process =>General|exit A| would be DR as accomplished by Newton
- |exit B|Specific<= reasoning process<< |entry B| =>General would be IR as accomplished by Sally
- |DRexit|Specific<= |IRentry|>> reasoning process<<|DRentry| =>General|IRexit| your entry point determines your form of resoning and the partition of knowledge you will arrive at with your conclusion.
Deductive example- Sally deduced that she was held on the Earth by Gravity after learning Newton’s Laws. Her DR process used accepted beliefs she was taught as laws or theorems from which she then related to specific aspect in her own existence why she did not float away from the Earth.
Inductive example- Newton used inductive reasoning to formulate his discoveries about motion, acceleration, and forces after seeing an apple fall from a tree. Newton’s example was one of IR process that he had studied, journals observations with measurements, and experimented to then make an insightful leap that gravity existed. His further work elaborated on force, mass, accelerations, and how these related with relation to mass with Gravity explained the weight of an object.
An enthymeme includes omitted premise (assumptions) disclosing two statements [introductory premise & conclusionary solution] that leads the audience to a decision point accepting a desired position of the enthymeme’s author. For some, this would be an improper syllogism aka deductive argument in three parts, an argument that to be true must in the eyes of the audience who hold as true an unstated factoid supported by the circumstance of the presentation. The assumption need not be true except in the mind’s eye of the audience. Testing of the factoid for truth will explain why the quick conclusions could be wrong. Insufficient logic is seductive for many who fail to understand the hidden dangers of such available poisonous fruit packaged as truth aka “factoids”. Western literature has immortalized Socrates as being mortal. This in part is due circulation of translations with discussion of ancient Greek works.
All mortals are human is an unstated truth as one is quotes, “Socrates is human!” then states in a eureka moment, “therefore, Socrates is mortal.” Incomplete arguments should never be considered true until vetted by more thorough examinations.
Major premise: Jose Cuervo drinks will attract the people you desire…
Minor premise: the recipe for your success is in how you order the drink at the bar must include the brand name “Jose Cuervo”
Conclusion: you will relax and find satisfaction with the new company that you will attract … and there are no ill effects from their product …
Note: Sadly there are great ill affects to the use of alcohol and relational expansion or social entertainment that can lead to poor judgments. Being less that diligent when examining arguments can cost lives and social impacts that communities can least afford today.
Visual reinforcement are made throughout the video found online at You Tube … http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiV0vvFvl1M
What are the advantages of examples? The example in many argument can and often do reveal subtle truths needed by the audience to form a decision based on the conclusion presented.
The drawbacks? the example in many argument can and often do reveal evidence against the conclusion. Using the rules of evidence, it is the responsibility of an attorney to argue for their clients best interests. To do so requires active listening skills and a swift structured come back to show the flaws in any wrongful conclusions suggested by the examples from the opposing side.
Either form of reasoning can have or demonstrate an argumental premise that is unstated. Such elemental argument components are often called assumptions. The existance of such premise being unstated does not mean they are not present or not presented. They can exist in the audience experiencial knowledge sets {S,G} or in some other sensory material {Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic that is not a part of spoken/signed language system}. Such unstated elements can and often do invoke a neurolinguistic response that suspends reality checking and expressively drives the thinking audience to a destinations that is beyond sound judgement.
In formal analysis, serious review should attempt to declare such assumption with the given variables, formulae, axioms, theorems, constants, or influence suggested through other than a single sensory input.
Induction and Deduction are just directional values on the manifold of knowledge relationally connecting the Specific to the General in Time-Space. The reasoning style chosen establishes our direction of traveling through problem knowledge space to the valid solution in knowledge space. The soundness of the arguments relationship to the proof-concluded requires completeness of the reasoning step wise process. Accepted conclusions can then be added to the General to be called upon to be used as axiom for future arguments to explore new connections from the P-TimeSpace to S-TimeSpace. These should consider the modern assessment that we are in an immediate 4-tupal space … Time-Space {x,y,z,t} when seeking more advanced conclusions. Best practices of reasoning to resolve rhetorical argument are ones that require precise language agreed upon by largest group possible. Problem Solving is all about designing solution by clarifying the argument. Use of language gives the reader proper cues as to what is a premise and what is a conclusion. Relational rationales require proper use of induction/deduction directional values to reach sound connection that span [ Specific knowledge <==> General knowledge]. Standard solution exclusively exist in one or the other. Where special cases exist, a solution can be consider to exist in both sets. For the most part the direction of reasoning demands the destination to be exclusive. I hope will open further areas of this topic for more argumental evaluations or debate.
Comments are welcome!
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